Category Archives: History

What do you Know about Earth History?

Freemanpedia Freemanpedia

The World History II course starts here. This is our beginning. Below are some tools to help you get a grip on what was going on in the world five centuries ago.

Major states and empires in the EASTERN HEMISPHERE

  • England
  • France
  • Spain
  • Russia
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Persia
  • China
  • Mughal India
  • Songhai Empire

Major states and empires in the WESTERN HEMISPHERE

  • Incan Empire
  • Aztec Empire

Location of world religions in 1500 a.d. (c.e.)

  • Judaism: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East
  • Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East
  • Islam: Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe
  • Hinduism: India and part of Southeast Asia
  • Buddhism: East and Southeast Asia

Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa

  • Silk Routes across Asia to the Mediterranean basin
  • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
  • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
  • Northern European links with the Black Sea
  • Western European sea and river trade
  • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

Importance of trade patterns

  • Exchange of products and ideas

Advancements exchanged along trade routes

  • Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China)
  • Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East)
  • Scientific knowledge—medicine, astronomy, mathematics
GEOGRAPHY BANNER FREEMANPEDIA WORLD HISTORY II.JPG

The SOL requires you to know the above 11 STATES & EMPIRES. Note: All but the Inca & Aztec are located in the Eastern Hemisphere.

The SOL requires you to know the   5 MAJOR RELIGIONS   and their locations circa 1500.

The SOL requires you to know the 5 MAJOR RELIGIONS and their locations circa 1500.

The SOL requires you to know these   6 MAJOR TRADE ROUTES   circa 1500.

The SOL requires you to know these 6 MAJOR TRADE ROUTES circa 1500.

Notice how the   LARGEST CITIES in the WORLD in 1500   nearly perfectly trace several of the   MAJOR TRADE ROUTES  .

Notice how the LARGEST CITIES in the WORLD in 1500 nearly perfectly trace several of the MAJOR TRADE ROUTES.

The SOL requires you to know the locations of the above   TECHNOLOGICAL & SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES   in the EASTERN HEMISPHERE.

The SOL requires you to know the locations of the above TECHNOLOGICAL & SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES in the EASTERN HEMISPHERE.

Here are the people in charge of the   11 STATES & EMPIRES   in 1500. (**You don't have to know these :)

Here are the people in charge of the 11 STATES & EMPIRES in 1500. (**You don’t have to know these 🙂

Visiting the Maritime Museum in San Diego

I started the day meeting Diane, a former clown. We talked as she drove us to the Maritime Museum in downtown San Diego. She spoke of her experience as a clown and felt it was pretentious. In other words she felt it was pretending and not being real. I told her when I clown I am myself. I suppose reflecting on that there is a degree of acting and playing that you wouldn’t normally do, as society doesn’t give permission. She spoke the good that clowning had done for her husband who had grown in confidence in humour. They were part of a group called Clown Conspiracy who clown as volunteers to raise money for charity.

She was a very interesting lady and told me she had American Indian heritage. Her parents were teachers, her father a Principal. Her grandparents were also lovely people and they had a close family.

I learned that people could join with the tribes and they could be given an Indian name. She herself was an Indian Elder and was to give a name to her relative. Her tribe was not a big tribe but had been resurrected by others who ensured they did not lose their customs. I learned that Indian’s had made money out of Casinos.

I wondered about the African Americans and Australian Indigenous, the fact they look similar made me reflect and that there appears to be greater unhappiness in these groups. I thought of the American Indians and the Australian Aborigines being the first people and that the former did seem more accepted in the US. Although my observation is marginal and I am sure I don’t know much. I thought about class in Australia and the US. I wondered if it was the sense of inequality that was the real source of separation between people. I am not sure.

My friend indicated that she didn’t have her first home until later in life which was unsual. I wondered about housing prices, they seem high her and in Australia. Around $1600 to $2000 per month in Australia for a 2-3 bedroom. Here around $1361-$2000 was the average price of a 2-3 apartment. So not really much different. The wages for low paid workers are much lower here from $12 – $16 per hour. Note it is average not median, not always a good figure to use. It would be interested to look at median prices. I found the minimum wage is $7.25 which makes you wonder how some survive. The median average wage for non professionals in Australia is around $25.50 per hour. In both countries you can assume females earn 80% of the male wage for the same work. I’ve just checked the numbers and they are earning less. So single parents come to mind here and if they are women, earn less. So I sense here that life is actually harder for the average American citizen, even though I sense Australians do pay more across the board. Population of course is another important factor.

We stopped at the Maritime Museum where I got to view the Star of India a famous tall ship that used to take people and traded cargo to Australia and New Zealand. They would be at sea 6 months and some of the issues they faced was fresh food and scurvy, rough seas and illness. I was surprised at how large the boat was and imagined it out at sea. It was well built. Some information about the Star of India as follows:

Star of India is the world’s oldest active sailing ship. She began her life on the stocks at Ramsey Shipyard in the Isle of Man in 1863. Iron ships were experiments of sorts then, with most vessels still being built of wood. Within five months of laying her keel, the ship was launched into her element. She bore the name Euterpe, after the Greek muse of music and poetry.

Euterpe was a full-rigged ship and would remain so until 1901, when the Alaska Packers Association rigged her down to a barque, her present rig. She began her sailing life with two near-disastrous voyages to India. On her first trip she suffered a collision and a mutiny. On her second trip, a cyclone caught Euterpe in the Bay of Bengal, and with her topmasts cut away, she barely made port. Shortly afterward, her first captain died on board and was buried at sea.

After such a hard luck beginning, Euterpe settled down and made four more voyages to India as a cargo ship. In 1871 she was purchased by the Shaw Savill line of London and embarked on a quarter century of hauling emigrants to New Zealand, sometimes also touching Australia, California and Chile. She made 21 circumnavigations in this service, some of them lasting up to a year. It was rugged voyaging, with the little iron ship battling through terrific gales, “laboring and rolling in a most distressing manner,” according to her log.

The life aboard was especially hard on the emigrants cooped up in her ‘tween deck, fed a diet of hardtack and salt junk, subject to mal-de-mer and a host of other ills. It is astonishing that their death rate was so low. They were a tough lot, however, drawn from the working classes of England, Ireland and Scotland, and most went on to prosper in New Zealand. refer http://www.sdmaritime.org/star-of-india/

We then walked over to see the USS Surprise. I could see it was a battleship with a line of cannons and hammocks for the sailors. I reflected on how difficult life would be on a battle ship at sea. The quarters were rudimentary and the ship was small and cramped. Here is some information from wikipedia…

USS Surprise (PG-63), the fourth American naval ship of the name, was the British Flower-class corvette HMS Heliotrope loaned to and operated by the United States Navy from 1942-1945 as a Temptress-class patrol gunboat. After World War II she was sold as a merchant vessel and ended her life in the Chinese navy as Lin I.

Surprise sailed from Derry, Northern Ireland on 24 April 1942 to escort a convoy to Boston, Massachusetts. After an overhaul, she proceeded south and for the remainder of 1942 escorted convoys in the Caribbean, principally between Trinidad and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In January 1943, she extended her range into the South Atlantic and, into 1944, performed escort runs between Trinidad and Recife, Brazil.

Surprise then returned to the United States. In May 1944, she returned to the North Atlantic and, until after the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, rotated between Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland convoy runs and weather patrol duty.

Surprise was decommissioned on 20 August 1945 at Chatham, England, returned to the Royal Navy on 26 August, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 17 September.

We then walked over to look at a Russian Submarine. I have to say I was amazed at how long this sub was, and again, the cramped conditions. Even a woman crawling through the tubes is tight, I wondered at bigger men and how they managed to squeeze from one section to another, what happens in emergency situations. Many would have bumped their heads I reacon. The electronic devices and technology was evident all over the sub, such skills and knowledge would be required to run the ship. I also reflected on being under water for such long periods, how psychologically they handled it being in close confines with other men and so on. Here is some information from wikipedia…

One of a fleet of diesel electric submarines the Soviet Navy called “Project 641,” B-39 was commissioned in the early 1970s and served on active duty for more than 20 years. 300 feet in length and displacing more than 2000 tons, B-39 is among the largest conventionally powered submarines ever built. She was designed to track U.S. and NATO warships throughout the world’s oceans. B-39, assigned to the Soviet Pacific fleet, undoubtedly stalked many of the U.S. Navy’s ships home ported in San Diego. Now, less than 20 years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall signaled the end of the Cold War, she is berthed on San Diego Bay amidst her former adversaries. Soviet Project 641 submarines, classified as “Foxtrot” by NATO, are essentially larger and more powerful versions of German World War II era U-boats. Low-tech but lethal, she carried 24 torpedoes while she was on patrol-some capable of delivering low-yield nuclear warheads. B-39 carried a crew of 78 and could dive to a depth of 985 feet before threatening the integrity of her nickel steel pressure hull. The Soviet and then Russian Federation’s navies deployed these submarines from the mid 1950s through the early 1990s. They played a part in many of the Cold War’s most tense moments including the Cuban Missile Crisis.

After the Maritime Museum we went to Anthony’s Seafood restaurant where I was treated to clam chouder. I had a lovely salad. It was lovely looking out of the restaurant window at the bay. Beyond the bay is the Pacific Ocean.

I looked into the distance and could see Point Loma where I am living. Just up from where I am living is the Point Loma Naval Base. Here is some information about this facility from Wikipedia.

Located in Point Loma, a neighborhood of San Diego, California, Naval Base Point Loma (NBPL) was established on 1 October 1998 when Navy facilities in the Point Loma area of San Diego were consolidated under Commander, Navy Region Southwest. Naval Base Point Loma consists of seven facilities: Submarine Base, Fleet Antisubmarine Warfare Training Center, Fleet Combat Training Center Pacific, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR), SPAWAR Systems Center, the Fleet Intelligence Command Pacific and Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar. These close-knit commands form a diverse and highly technical hub of naval activity. The on base population is around 22,000 Navy and civilian personnel.

Los Angeles: Canters Deli A Historic Icon

http://www.cantersdeli.com/history.html

Photos below.

Canter’s Deli has been an LA Landmark since 1931 We are a family owned and operated delicatessen for 3 generations and take great pride in offering an authentic deli-style experience, unparalleled anywhere on the west coast

Canter’s Deli is one of California’s oldest delis. Located in Los Angeles’ Miracle Mile District – the heart and soul of the entertainment industry – Canter’s Delicatessen is a third- generation family-run business whose owners have an intense pride in their deli and a hands-on work ethic.

It all began in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1924. After losing a deli in the 1929 stock market crash, Ben Canter and his two brothers moved to California with just $500 in their pockets. Eager to succeed, they opened up a Canter Brother’s Delicatessen in 1931 in Boyle Heights, the Jewish center of Los Angeles.

When the character of the neighborhood changed, Ben Canter’s daughter, Selma Udko, and her then husband, Harold Price, partnered with Ben Canter and his wife, Jennie, to purchase a prime location at 439 North Fairfax Avenue. And instead of calling it Canter’s Brothers they called it Canter’s Fairfax.

In 1953 this new team purchased the old Esquire Theatre at 419 North Fairfax and moved Canter’s Deli just up the street to the larger location.

For over seventy-five years now this third- generation family-owned business has served food to locals, tourist, and celebrities alike. With its Art Deco décor and its trademark autumn leaves ceiling, this hangout has hardly changed in its over half century at its current location.

As Sheryll Bellman wrote in her book, Americas Great Delis:

“You wouldn’t think that Los Angeles could have a deli rival to New Yorks, but for those who know and love the deli culture and appreciate all that it evokes, this place is heaven. Voted the #1 Best Pastrami by the Los Angeles Times, Canter’s Deli sandwiches are always served on rye, unless you ask for something else, but dont do that! Made famous for its corned beef and pastrami sandwiches Canter’s Deli boasts of serving the best quality food at reasonable prices. Tour buses stop here, and many tourists eat here as well, but the real heart and soul of this deli are the locals who have never moved from the neighborhood and the stars who slip in here incognito for a late night nosh. Canter’s Deli is a place of solace, and they come for the old-fashioned Jewish food that reminds them of their past. Open 24 hours and only closed on Jewish holidays, you can come here anytime for a delicious taste of yesterday.”

Canter’s has also become a favorite whistle stop for hot political contests. Mayor Bradley, Governor Deukmejian, Rudy Giuliani, and Bill Simon have gone from booth to booth introducing themselves to our customers. And with CBS studios just up the block, celebrities frequent Canter’s every day. Our catering department caters to many television shows and movies, as well as catering their wrap parties.

Over the years, many celebrities have passed through our doors. In the 50s Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller ate here, as did Jack Benny and Elizabeth Taylor. Other celebrity noshers include Sydney Poitier, Mel Brooks, Wilt Chamberlain, Charlene Tilton, Brooke Shields, Jacqueline Bisset, Catherine Oxenberg, John Travolta, Prince, Stevie Wonder, Buddy Hackett, Olivia Newton John, Muhammad Ali, Monty Hall, Bill Cosby, David Brenner, Rodney Dangerfield, Dick Van Dyke, Shelly Winters, Elizabeth Montgomery, The Cars, Henry Winkler, and Greg Morris. The producer of Miami Vice, Michael Mann, wrote here for hours at a time when he was writing for Vegas. The Neil Simon movie, “I Ought to be in Pictures”, with Walter Matthau was filmed here. Many celebrities who prefer to go “incognito” sneak in around 3:00 am for a late night nosh!

Canter’s is also part of the larger Los Angeles community having received numerous awards from such institutions as the City of Hope, appreciation letters for outstanding and dedicated service, and letters from Jerry Lewis and the Muscular Dystrophy Association thanking Canters for donating food.

Canter’s Delicatessen continues to be a Los Angeles landmark and late night hot spot, and, with the 2003 addition of Canter’s Deli at Treasure Island in Las Vegas, we are committed to bringing the best delicatessen food to our noshers on the famed Las Vegas Strip and to Dodger fans at Dodger Stadium.

Significant Dates in Canter’s History:

  • 1924 Canter’s begins as a family-run
    business in Jersey City, New Jersey
  • 1931 Canter Brothers move themselves
    and their business to Boyle Heights, a suburb
    of Los Angeles.
  • 1948 Canter’s moved to the Miracle Mile/
    Fairfax district of Los Angeles
  • 1953 The Esquire Theater is transformed
    into the current location of Canter’s
  • 1959 Canter’s grows and expands into
    another room
  • 1961 The Kibitz Room opens, adding a full
    cocktail lounge to Canter’s Delicatessen.
  • 2003 Canter’s expands across state lines
    with a Canter’s Deli opening in Treasure
    Island Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada.
  • 2008 Canter’s continues to expand with a
    stand opening at Dodger Stadium.
Click the picture to view enlarged.
Original Canter Bros. Location Original Canter Bros Interior. Canters Relocated in 1948 Canters Purchased Esquire Theatre in 1953 and Relocated To Their Current Location
Interior of Canters at their Current Location in 1953 Bakery at Canters in 1953 Canters Meat Counter at their Current Location in 1953. Canters Nightlife 1960s
Founder Ben Canter with Several of his Favorite Waitresses Founders Ben and Jennie Canter Canter Family at Hollywood Park with winning horse Hoist Bar in 1965 Canter Family at Hollywood Park with winning horse Win Shane in 1966

Rotary Club of Point Loma: Jewish Holocaust Survivor Tearing Down the Walls

‘Tearing down the walls’ is Survivor’s answer to the Holocaust

‘Tearing down the walls’ is Survivor’s answer to the Holocaust

 

Frances Gelbart at Point Loma Rotary Feb. 8, 2013

By Donald H. Harrison

SAN DIEGO — The contrast between the speaker’s surroundings and her subject matter was vivid on Friday, Feb. 8, at a Point Loma Rotary Club meeting.  

The weekly get-together was held in an upstairs room of the San Diego Yacht Club, with header beams above the windows festooned with burgees from yacht clubs around the world and the glass cases filled with trophies celebrating the victors in such contests as “Largest Game Fish,” “Largest Yellowtail,” “First Gamefish of the Season” and “Largest Marlin by a Woman Angler.”

Frances Gelbart, today a resident of suburban Carlsbad, California, was there to tell about her experiences as a 10-year-old child from Krakow, Poland, who survived five concentration camps, including Auschwitz, before her liberation from Mauthausen Concentration Camp in Austria.   Sixty-eight years after her liberation, she said she still doesn’t like to talk about what happened to her, but added that she feels an obligation to the women in the camps who mothered her, gave her extra bread, helped her in assemblies and marches to remain inconspicuous, and urged her to “live” and “to tell the world what happened.”

At least the weather on Friday afternoon–gray skies with intermittent rain– matched the mood of her subject,  the Holocaust being one of the gloomiest periods of modern history.

Born Francheska Immerglȕck, she said her maiden name was a source of amusement to Nazi guards because translated from the German it means “always lucky.”  During a selection at Auschwitz, she was asked “is it true you are always lucky?” and she responded “I hope so.”  The Nazi sent her to the right — to a work camp — instead of the left, to the gas chambers,  where most children were sent soon after arrival.

In a calm, soft, slow voice, she recounted the outrages that she saw, heard and experienced during the Holocaust.  She said her job at Auschwitz was to segregate and fold the clothes stripped from Jewish inmates to be sent to Germany.   Near her barracks was the facility where she heard screaming and crying — the place where medical experiments were performed on twins.   She was told that contained in the meager meal portions including insufficient portions of bread,  watered coffee, and grass soup  was something to prevent women from menstruating.  Her clothes worn year round were a striped jacked, striped shirt and wooden shoes.   Like other prisoners at Auschwitz, she had an identification number tattooed on her arm — and today when she mentions this at schools, she hears from students such questions as “couldn’t you have refused?”

From Auschwitz, she was moved during winter in an open wagon to another camp, stopping for three days at a railroad siding to permit German troop trains to go through.  There was nothing to eat,  she was covered in ice and snow, and two of her toes became gangrenous, she related. 

Even after all these years, she said, she can never forget the sight of Nazi soldiers killing babies, taking them “by their feet and hitting them against walls…. Now, as an adult, I can’t imagine any human being could do that.”

Pausing for a moment, she said, she doesn’t hold the German people responsible, but rather the SS and the Gestapo.  “Personally,” she said, “I have nothing against the German people.   It’s too bad that history is following them.”

I was sitting at a table with Nestor Suarez, principal of Cabrillo Elementary School,  which is located just a few blocks from the San Diego Yacht Club.  We acknowledged each other’s thoughts.  Cabrillo has a “sister school” relationship with a school in Neuahus an der Oste, Germany,  the hometown of Louis Rose, who in 1850 was San Diego’s pioneer Jewish settler.  In 1869, he became founder of the “Roseville” area of San Diego’s Point Loma neighborhood where the Yacht Club is located. 

The sister school relationship has evolved into Cabrillo Elementary School offering a German language program to its students from kindergarten through fourth grade, all the better for them to be pen pals with their counterparts in Neuhaus, a town close to the North Sea.

Gelbart said the only answer to the Holocaust is for people to “love each other.”

“We are trapped together on this planet,” she said.  “We have to be good to each other. … Tear down the walls.”

*
Harrison is editor of San Diego Jewish World.  He may be contacted via donald.harrison@sdjewishworld.com

Old Town San Diego is the birthplace of California

Old town is a neighborhood of San Diego.  I visited the Old Town State Historical Park.  Here is a profile on both.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_San_Diego

Old Town is a neighborhood of San Diego, California. It contains 230 acres (93 ha) and is bounded by Interstate 8 on the north, Interstate 5 on the west, Mission Hills on the east and Bankers Hill on the south.[1] It is the oldest settled area in San Diego and is the site of the first European settlement in present-day California.[2] It contains Old Town San Diego State Historic Park and Presidio Park, both of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Contents

History

The Serra Museum in Presidio Park marks the original site of the Presidio and Mission

The San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá were founded in 1769 by Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra on a bluff at the western end of the San Diego River valley. The Presidio and Mission constituted the first Spanish settlement in Alta California, the present day state of California. After five years the Mission moved to a location several miles upriver, while the Presidio on its hill remained the primary settlement. In the 1820s the town of San Diego grew up at the base of the bluff, at the site commemorated by Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, while the Presidio fell into disrepair.[3]

In 1834 the Mexican government granted San Diego the status of a pueblo, or chartered town. However, the population of the town declined so much that in 1838 its pueblo status was revoked. One problem was the town’s location far from navigable water. All imports and exports had to be brought ashore in Point Loma and carried several miles over the La Playa Trail to the town.[4]

The Casa de Machado y Stewart, an 1830s adobe house in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park.

When California was admitted to the United States in 1850, San Diego (still largely limited to the Old Town area) was made the county seat of San Diego County, even though the town’s population was only 650.[5]

The Old Town area remained the heart of the city of San Diego until the 1860s, when a newcomer to San Diego named Alonzo Horton began to promote development at the site of present-day Downtown San Diego. Residents and businesses quickly abandoned “Old Town” for Horton’s “New Town” because of New Town’s proximity to shipping. In 1871, government records were moved from Old Town to a new county courthouse in New Town, and Downtown permanently eclipsed Old Town as the focal point of San Diego.[6]

Class 1 Streetcar homes in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego, California.

In the 1910s, Old Town became one of the many San Diego neighborhoods connected by the Class 1 streetcars and an extensive San Diego public transit system that was spurred by the Panama-California Exposition of 1915 and built by John D. Spreckels. These streetcars became a fixture of this neighborhood until their retirement in 1939.[7][unreliable source?]

Economy

Church of the Immaculate Conception (built 1917).

The Old Town neighborhood has nine hotels, 32 restaurants and more than 100 specialty shops.[8] There are 12 art galleries and 27 historic buildings and sites, including Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, Presidio Park, Heritage Park (a collection of Victorian homes), and the Mormon Battalion Visitor Center. A major government building is the District 11 headquarters of Caltrans, the California Department of Transportation.[9]

Annual events

San Diego’s Cinco de Mayo celebration is held in Old Town every year.[10]

The Old Town Art Festival takes place in October of each year.[11]

Fiesta Navidad is a two-day Christmas festival in December, highlighted by the Mexican tradition of Las Posadas, which re-enacts the story of Mary and Joseph’s journey to Bethlehem for the first Christmas.[12]

Community organizations

The Old Town Community Planning Committee advises the city on land use and other issues. The Old Town San Diego Chamber of Commerce promotes business interests and tourism.[13] Local service organizations include a Kiwanis club.

Infrastructure

Old Town Transit Center

Houses in Old Town

The Old Town Transit Center is a major intermodal transportation station where travelers can transfer between city buses, the San Diego Trolley, and the San Diego Coaster, the regional rail system of Amtrak.[14]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_San_Diego_State_Historic_Park

Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, located in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego, California, is a state protected historical park in San Diego. It commemorates the early days of the town of San Diego and includes many historic buildings from the period 1820 to 1870. The park was established in 1968.[4] In 2005 and 2006, California State Parks listed Old Town San Diego as the most visited state park in California.

Old Town, San Diego

Old Town, San Diego

In 1969, the site was registered as California Historical Landmark #830.[2] Then on September 3, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Old Town San Diego Historic District.[1]

Contents

History

The first European settlement on the West Coast of the present-day United States was the San Diego Presidio, a military outpost of Spanish California, founded by Gaspar de Portolà in 1769. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Father Junípero Serra the same year. The Presidio and Mission were originally built on a bluff, Presidio Hill, which is now the site of the city-owned Presidio Park and which is immediately adjacent to Old Town State Historic Park. After 5 years the Mission moved to a location several miles upriver. Presidio Hill remained the primary settlement for several decades because it was defensible against attack by European enemies or hostile Indians. As the need for defense decreased, settlers preferred to live at the base of the hill because of greater convenience. In the 1820s the town of San Diego grew up at the base of the bluff, at the site commemorated by Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The Presidio was abandoned and fell into disrepair.[5]

During the pueblo period following Mexican independence, the Old Town area was the commercial and governmental hub of the region, even though its population was never more than a few hundred. San Diego during this period is vividly described by Richard Henry Dana, Jr. in his classic book Two Years Before the Mast. In 1834 the Mexican government granted San Diego the status of a pueblo or chartered town; however, its pueblo status was revoked in 1838 due to declining population. One problem limiting the town’s growth was its location far from navigable water. All imports and exports had to be brought ashore in Point Loma and carried several miles over the La Playa Trail to the town.[6]

When California was admitted to the United States in 1850, San Diego (still largely limited to the Old Town area) was made the county seat of San Diego County, even though the town’s population was only 650.[7]

The Old Town area remained the heart of the city of San Diego until the 1860s, when a newcomer to San Diego named Alonzo Horton began to promote development at the site of present-day Downtown San Diego. Residents and businesses quickly abandoned “Old Town” for Horton’s “New Town” because of New Town’s proximity to shipping. In 1871 government records were moved from Old Town to a new county courthouse in New Town, and Downtown permanently eclipsed Old Town as the focal point of San Diego.[8]

Old Town San Diego State Historic Park preserves and recreates Old Town as it existed during the Mexican and early American periods, from its settlement in 1821, through 1872 when it lost its dominant position to Downtown.

Attractions

Five original adobes are part of the complex, which includes shops, restaurants and museums. Other historic buildings include a schoolhouse, a blacksmith shop, San Diego’s first newspaper office, a cigar and pipe store, houses and gardens, and a stable with a carriage collection. There are also stores, with local artisans demonstrating their craft. There is no charge to enter the state park or any of its museums.

The museums include:

  • Casa de Estudillo, a National Historic Landmark in its own right
  • Whaley House, a museum and historic landmark, believed by some to be haunted
  • Black Hawk Smithy & Stable, which features blacksmith demonstrations
  • Casa de Machado y Stewart, a restored 19th century adobe
  • First San Diego Courthouse, a reconstructed mid 19th century courthouse
  • Mason Street School, the first public school house in San Diego[9]
  • Racine and Laramie Store, a reconstructed mid 19th century period general store
  • San Diego Union Museum, a mid-19th century period newspaper office and print shop
  • Seeley Stables, a reconstructed mid 19th century stable and barns that feature horse-drawn buggies, wagons, carriages and western memorabilia
  • Sheriff’s Museum, with police equipment, uniforms, patrol car, helicopter, motorcycle, a jail cell and courtroom

Living history demonstrations and free tours are regularly scheduled. Historical interpretation is primarily carried out by park employees and volunteers, and the Mexican Commercial corner is host to several locally based small businesses and artists.

Adjacent attractions

Adjacent to the state park is Heritage Park Victorian Village, run by San Diego County. It houses seven buildings from the 1880s and 1890s which have been moved there from elsewhere in the city. Also nearby is the Mormon Battalion Monument and Visitor Center. The city-owned Presidio Park, site of the original Presidio of San Diego, is on the adjacent hill.

Restaurant in Old Town, San Diego

The Old Town area is a popular tourist destination, known especially for its Mexican restaurants. The state park itself hosts several eating establishments, and other restaurants and gift shops are found in the surrounding neighborhood.

Recent changes

The commercial facilities in Old Town State Park, such as restaurants and gift shops, are managed by an outside contractor. For more than 30 years the contractor was Bazaar del Mundo (“bazaar of the world”), run by San Diego businesswoman Diane Powers. In a controversial move, the state park agency did not renew her contract but awarded it to Plaza del Pasado (“plaza of the past”), run by Delaware North Companies, in 2005.[10] The state’s goal was to create a more authentic and historically correct understanding and appreciation of life and commerce in San Diego as it was from 1821 to 1872. However, revenue plunged under the new management.[11] In spring 2009, Delaware North withdrew from its contract with the state and management changed hands to the Old Town Family Hospitality Corporation, headed by local restaurateur Chuck Ross.[12] The commercial area is now called Fiesta de Reyes (“festival of the kings”).